Roofing Scams

11 Questions To Ask To Spot Roofing Scams

Unfortunately, most of us have come across horror Roofing Scams stories about how a roofer took advantage of a homeowner and either charged too much or didn’t finish the work – and sometimes both.
These stories are troubling not only because it means that someone is out more money than they should be but also because it makes our job harder which is why we’ve put together this blog post to help people make correct, informed decisions about the roof.
Roofing scams try to get cash from a homeowner quickly and then disappear. Scammers will frequently be pushy and persistent when trying to have you sign a contract.
Hopefully, the following five questions can be applied to any roofing contractor and will help you avoid being scammed out of your hard-earned money.

1) Can They Provide An Accurate Roofing Quote?

No two roofs are like and as such, no roofing contractor can give you a reliable scope of work without a complete understanding and technical analysis of your home’s roof.  An accurate roofing quote requires an estimator to actually visit your property, look at your roof and talk to you. If a roofer tries to give you a quote over the phone without actually seeing the property first then you know that it won’t be very accurate.

2) Is The Roofing Contractor Licensed And Insured?

Never let an unlicensed or uninsured roofing company fix your roof. Make sure they’re license is current and in good standing. You should review their insurance document to make sure it provides adequate coverage should any issues or claims arise. If they don’t have insurance and they are injured on the job or cause damage then you can be held responsible.

3) Does the roofer not offer Free Inspections?

The best roofing professionals offer a free inspection or estimate before they start working.  For example, we provide you with a free detailed analysis so that you understand what needs to be done and just as important: why it needs to be done. On the other hand, scammers often demand some money upfront to provide an estimate of the work.

4) What Is Their Safety Record?

An important rule for any roofing company is “Safety First.” The best contractors provides ongoing safety training for their company. Ask them about any accidents they’ve had on the job and if you’re not satisfied with the answer you can check court records and the Better Business Bureau.

5) Do They Hold Themselves Accountable Through On-Site Supervision?

Lack of communication and accountability are the most common complaints roofing contractors receive. A negligent contractor might show up twice. Once, on the first day and then to deliver the bill when the job is over.
A reliable contractor will report back to you often, and is upfront with unforeseen issues, and have solutions at the ready should problems arise. They can do this because their job sites are overseen by on-site supervisors who ensure the process goes smoothly and to the customer’s benefit.
 

6) Does The Roofing Company Have An Online Presence?

When choosing a roofer, look for a website, online reviews, Better Business Bureau ratings, social media handles and any other data. Start by googling the company or the roofer’s name and see what you can find out about them. Some quick research can save you a lot of frustration and stress down the road. Scammers rarely have an online presence and either have bad reviews or no reviews at all.

7) Is The Roofer Too Pushy?

A good scam sometimes comes in the form of solicitation, showing up at your door and making you feel uneasy or forcing you to make a decision quickly. A good roofer provides you with facts and lets you make your own decisions. Lastly, be wary of any roofing contractor who goes door to door through your neighbourhood.
 

8) Does The Roofer Require Too Much Money Upfront?

If a roofing company asks for a down payment or full payment without offering any form of financing, think twice before giving them your money. Recognize a scam when a large down payment is required on a low quote roof repair. Chances are, if you make that down payment, the scammer will take your money and you’ll never see them again.

9) Does The Roofer Show Up After A Storm?

Many roof scammers are called storm chasers because they call or knock on doors right after a big rain or snowstorm. They’re trying to find easy targets by telling homeowners that their roofs were damaged by a recent storm. The truth is, professional roofing contractors are usually too busy after a storm to make house calls to strangers. If someone shows up on your front doorstep or calls you repeatedly, be very skeptical.

10) Does the Roofer Use Too Much Jargon?

It’s unfortunate that homeowners rely on roofing contractors to be the experts and its only human nature to trust what a roofer says. Most people don’t like to ask questions for fear it will make them look dumb or uneducated. However, it’s important to ask for details about exactly what’s wrong with your roof, and how it will be repaired. Don’t worry about appearances and ask for clarification if you need it.

11) Has the Roofer Been Involved with Insurance Fraud?

Stay away from a roofer who talks about cheating your insurance company. Some may offer to contact your insurance company to determine your coverage for roof repair, while others may try to hide the fraud in your estimate. Some scammers may even suggest faking reports or covering deductibles so they can charge more money. Besides being illegal, this is obviously a deal-breaker. Keep in mind if a roofer is willing to cheat your insurance company, they will cheat you, too.

The Bottom Line

Homeowners should be smart and do research when searching for a roofer, to be safe from Roofing Scams. It could save you money and prevent a whole lot of trouble. If you find a roofer that you can trust and who will do the job properly the first time around.
If you need a roof replacement from a reputable contractor, call our team at Cambie Roofing. We are happy to help with any questions you may have. Nothing is too big or too small for us.  We look forward to hearing from you and assisting with your roofing repair needs, and you will be safe from Roofing Scams.

Beautify Your Rooftop Balcony

4 Tips On How To Beautify Your Rooftop Balcony

Rooftop patios or terraces are great getaway spots to host parties or family gatherings, especially in the summer when the weather is hot and the days are long.  In this blog post, we want to give you some ideas for how to make the best of your rooftop patio.
Even if your rooftop balcony isn’t large, there are some great options to make it an inviting place and a perfect place just to lounge about. By choosing the right furniture, décor, and accessories, your rooftop patio will be the envy of all.

  1. Show Off Your Views As Much As Possible

The entire reason to have a rooftop patio is to show off your view of the surrounding area. Whether that is for fireworks or just to see the city lights, you should arrange your rooftop patio in away to accommodate the view.
One option is to put in glass rails or panels so it won’t obstruct anything. Also, be sure you’re not getting in the way of the view when placing furniture, awnings or umbrellas.
An alternative possibility is using a glass enclosure. Although they’re more expensive, they’re also very worth the investment, especially since it will allow you to use your terrace year-round. Additionally, this will help the space capture more light, giving it the appearance of being more spacious.

  1. Choose The Right Furniture

You’ll have to think about the furniture that you’re going to use to decorate your rooftop patio. Make sure the furniture you buy matches to give a unified look to your outdoor space.
Hammocks and hanging chairs are very common for terraces, and for good reason – the are extremely comfortable. If you don’t have a lot of storage space available, we recommend choosing folding chairs and lounge chairs, and hammocks. That way, when you have to store them for the winter, they’ll hardly take up any space.
If you are particularly crafty, you could also consider making the furniture yourself, which is very common in rest and relaxation areas. Pallets are great for this project; you just have to sand them before using them. If you like its natural colour, you won’t even have to paint or coat them.
You’ll want to choose materials and a design that are made to last. Higher pitched roofs tend to last longer.  Also, keep in mind that some materials need more care than others, so think about that before buying. You’ll also want to consider the material. Natural fibres like rattan or wicker tend to look great outdoors. They add a simple and very natural touch.

  1. Using The Right Accessories On Your Rooftop Patio

We touched on this but in this section, we’ll dive a little deeper into how you should place your furniture and other objects. This is especially difficult if you have bulky furniture or space is limited. However, if you set up a small space well, it will make it look more spacious than it really is.
If you are one of the lucky ones to have a large rooftop balcony, you can try to divide it into the following sections:
Lounging area: you can use sofas, hammocks, chairs to gather with friends and family. Umbrellas will shade you from the harsh sunlight.
Eating area: set up chairs, sofa, some cushions, and a low table to have an afternoon snack, lunch or dinner.
Garden area: plants and trees are fundamental to greenify your rooftop patio. They will make your rooftop patio look natural and colourful.
Dividing: If you have enough space, you can divide your rooftop patio or terrace into zones which will give it a beautiful clean and organize look.
It’s important to keep the area tidy and in order so it’s inviting and appealing to your guests.

  1. Accessories Are Important

When it comes to accessorizing your Rooftop Balcony, some extras you can add are pergolas, umbrellas or awnings. Sunlight hits rooftops more directly, so it’s important to protect yourself from the elements, especially if you plan to use them during the middle of the day.
Another thing we can add to our terrace are textiles, like cushion covers, which are essential accessories for the rooftop. You might also want to consider rugs, which are great for the rest and relaxation area. Just remember to take anything inside that you don’t want to get wet.
Lastly, consider light bulbs as they make great decorations and can allow you to stay late into the night even when the sun fades. You don’t have to get buy fancy or expensive lights but a few well placed soft-glow lights can really make a difference to the space.

The Bottom Line

As you can see, decorating your Rooftop Balcony doesn’t have to be difficult. You just have to set it up in a way that takes advantage of the space and choose a decorative style that matches your tastes and, preferably, your home’s interior.
If you have a rooftop patio, you should make sure that it is well maintained by having a roof inspection at least once a year to ensure that you enjoy the space for years to come.
If you need a roof replacement from a reputable contractor, call our team at Cambie Roofing. We are happy to help with any questions you may have about rooftop patios.  We look forward to hearing from you and assisting with your roofing needs.

spring cleaning tips for your roof

5 Quick Tips to Spring Clean Your Roof

It’s almost March, and the weather is finally starting to warm up. As it starts to rain less, you’re probably getting ready for that dreaded spring cleaning when you clear out the garage, tidy up the basement, dust the windows, and overall get your home ready for sunny days.
While spring cleaning is important, there’s always one part of the house many people forget needs some spring cleaning attention too and that’s your roof!
Bad weather may have left your roof worse for wear, and there are a few things you can do to get it all tidied up for the rest of the year.
Here are some spring cleaning tips for your roof.

Check Your Guttering And Downpipes

The winter months can cause problems for your guttering, pipes and other drainage on your home and checking these as part of your roof top spring cleaning should be incorporated to avoid long term harm to your roof, walls, and structure.
If there’s been a lot of rain and wind then gutters and pipes may have become loose or detached through damaged joints and brackets. Also, the gutters can get clogged up from debris.
Moss, leaves and even loose shingles can be shifted in poor weather conditions and find their way into your drainage system. This debris can be the cause of blockages in the pipes which in turn can lead to inadequate drainage or overflowing water, and even flooding.

Damaging Tree Branches

If any branches fell on your roof over the winter, make sure to clear them off as soon as possible. You’ll probably be able to handle small twigs and branches by yourself, but you might consider calling a professional to take care of the larger ones. The longer they stay on your roof, the more likely they are to puncture holes through shingles, causing water damage and leaks.
It’s also a good idea to go around and trim any overhanging tree branches that could pose a problem in the future. If there are any looming over your roof that look like they might hit your roof, you’ll want to take care of them now that the weather is nice, and before they actually fall.

Wash Off Mold And Mildew

Mold and mildew can be very dangerous if they’re allowed to live on your roof. Make sure to check for signs of them.  You’ll see discoloured streaks on your roof if there’s anything growing. If you do see mold, you can treat the problem with a variety of solutions made to kill the growth. Generally you can pick these products up at your local hardware or roofing store.

Check Around Your Chimney and Vents

Be sure to check around the chimney and vents for signs of damage and disrepair that might have occurred through the winter weather. Heavy storms or fluctuations in temperature can have an effect on seals and flashing, shifting or damaging material which could lead to leaks in the future.
One easy thing you can do is go into your attic and check from the inside for any light which may be coming through cracks or gaps in the roof.
Lastly, if you have a skylight, you should inspecting around the edges for similar signs of damage.

Check for Broken or Missing Shingles

Snow, rain, storms and extreme temperatures can, cause shingles to degrade and become damaged. As the shingles are important for maintaining the watertight properties of your roof, it’s important to inspect for any areas where they may have broken or gone missing.
If possible, you want to repair or replace the shingles as soon as possible as water damage can be costly to repair. You can spot potential cracks or breakages in asphalt shingles as there will be areas or lines that appear black or darker than the rest.
Shingles that have come away altogether will likewise cause deficiency in the watertight properties of the roof, while also having the additional problem of potentially ending up in your gutter which, as we’ve discussed, can cause additional headaches.

Conclusion

We hope these tips help you treat and protect your roof and your home from damage. It can be time consuming and annoying, however, the more often you inspect and take care of your roof, the longer it will last, and the less you’ll have to spend on it over time.
If you’d like to have someone come out and inspect your roof for you, give the experts at Cambie Roofing a call. We’ll let you know how your roof weathered this winter, and we’ll fix any issues, no matter how big or small, as soon as possible. For more information, or to request a free repair estimate get in touch.

How A New Roof Can Increase Your Sale Value

How A New Roof Can Increase Your Sale Value

If you ask most Real Estate agents, add new roofing before attempting to sell significantly increases the value of your home and makes it appealing to buyers. By increasing the value of your home, you actually make money on your repairs as the resell value increases more than 100% of your roof. In 2018, a survey in the United States found that roofing replacement added an average resale value of $14,214. Roughly the same amount of money could be expected – if not more – to be added to in Canada.
While nobody likes to spend money replacing or repairing their roof, when you’re about to sell, it makes a lot of financial sense, especially when you compare to other house projects. In fact, mending the roof offers a better return on investment than an addition to the master bedroom, major kitchen remodel, deck installation, or a bathroom remodel.
When a buyer makes an offer for your home, they assume the roof isn’t leaky or in need of fixing. If it does need repairing, and the buyer does their due diligence, they can often successfully negotiate the price down. If you’re on the fence about installing a new roof, consider these facts in making your decision.

Beautification

Buying a home is as much of a emotional investment as an financial one which is why aesthetics matter. If your home has a roof that’s shabby, ugly and clearly in need of replacement, buyers will take note. Obviously nobody wants to buy an ugly home, and a roof is such a big part of that.
If a buyer needs to take the price of a new roof into account when purchasing a home, plus the headache that comes with it, he or she will likely be enticed to shop elsewhere. While, on the flip side, a new a roof can pique buyer interest and make your home stand out in your neighbourhood. If someone in your area is selling their home at a similar price, it can give you the edge and can even spark a bidding war.

Buy A Transferrable Warranty

Buying a home can be a stressful experience. It is often one of the largest purchases someone will make in their lifetime which is why reassurance is a good thing. With the right roof warranty, it can give the new owner peace of mind that things won’t go wrong. Nobody likes surprises which is why if you can transfer the warranty to the new owner, it will likely give the buyer reassurance that they are making the right decision. Since standard warranties for asphalt shingles used to be 15-20 years and premium-quality asphalt shingles today offer warranties as long as 50 years, sometimes these warranties outlast their current occupants. Ask your roofer if you can transfer your warranty to the new owner.
A transferable warranty can mean a lifetime of not having to pay for roofing repairs. Buyers can be willing to pay more to own a home with a roof that will come with warranty. A roof warranty can add more value to a home than one without a warranty, especially if it is the difference between a standard and premium roof.

Increased Energy Efficiency

New roofs are more energy efficient then they once were which means that along with a warranty, a great-looking roof, the owners will save money on heat as well. Increased energy efficiency can increase the appeal of a home, because it means savings in the long run. In addition, many people, especially in the younger generation are more environmental conscious and having an energy efficient roof fits in with their lifestyle and values more than an older home.

Reduces Maintained

An old roof can cause trouble for future homeowners. Old roofs tend to leak, lose shingles in a storm, damage siding, and break easier than new roofs. For a prospective buyer, these potential dangers of an old roof might be enough to encourage them to buy elsewhere. Even if there is nothing wrong with the old roof, a savvy buyer will realize that older roofs are not as well built as newer ones and will most likely cause problems in a few short years. A newer roof will translate into lesser maintenance costs for the new owners overall, giving them less of a headache – both financially and emotionally.

Other Factors To Think About

Since it’s not an exact science, there are many miscellanies variables that go into appraising a home. If you can give the buyers as much data as possible it will likely increase the likelihood of getting your desired price for your home.
When you’re getting your home appraised, he or she will want to see receipts of the new roof, as well as information about its materials, construction, and warranties. The more information the appraiser has on the roof, the more likely you will see an increase in value.

Conclusion

Your roof has a lot of responsibilities to bare. It protects your entire home, its contents, and its occupants from the external environment.
When a house goes on the market, the roof is the most visible features to everyone driving down the block. A roof in poor condition can quickly stop any sale even before the negotiation has started. That’s why it’s smart to replace an old roof with a new one even before you put it on the market.
A new roof is a big investment and you should take the time to find a professional trustworthy contractor to complete the job. Give us a call at Cambie Roofing where we put customer service first and never sacrificing quality for price and guarantee you’ll be satisfied with the job.

Earthquake Proof Roof

Can A Roof Be Earthquake Proof?

It’s common knowledge that Vancouver is due for a large and devastating earthquake. Thankfully all types of builders recognize this and are continually trying to seismic upgrade all our buildings. A large part of that is, of course, our roofs. If a roof collapses during an earthquake, it can kill or injury those inside. During the design and construction process of a roof there are earthquake resistant features. The roofer can apply which would increase enormously the chances of survival of both buildings and their occupants which we will cover. Let’s see more about how to make Earthquake Proof Roof?

What is an Earthquake?

The earth is made up of plates floating on the soft centre of the earth. Which consists of heavier molten rock and molten iron. The plates are not one solid piece but are separated by cracks. Which are known as faults and trenches which can press or expand together into mountains and valleys. These separate plates move slowly from a combination of forces in the Earth’s core, gravitational forces, and centrifugal forces from the Earth’s rotation.
Some plates are moving apart, for example in ocean trenches, where molten material pushes up and shoves the plates apart while others are bumping into each other head-on. The Cascadia fault, for example, which goes from northern Vancouver Island to Northern California is a very long, sloping subduction zone where the Explorer, Juan de Fuca, and Gorda plates all move to the east and slide below the much larger mostly continental North American Plate. If the movement was steady, about a millimetre or so a year, it wouldn’t matter. However, the plates tend to jam.

What makes a building or structure fail in earthquakes?

An Earthquake can be one sudden movement, or it can be a series of movements at short intervals. It can move the land up and down or it can move it from side to side.
Buildings are not necessarily resistant to side-to-side shifts. Unless this has been taken into account during the design and construction phase of the building process. A building might be perfectly stable until a severe earthquake hits. It is this side-to-side sift that generally causes the worst damage, often collapsing poor buildings on the first shock wave.

The side-to-side shift can be worse if the shocks come in waves, and can vibrate like a huge tuning fork, each new sway bigger than the last, until the building collapses. Often when more weight has been added to a building because of a heavy roof or more floors the greater the risk of failure. This extra weight produces great forces on the structure and helps it collapse. As one might expect, massive buildings like skyscrapers attract more seismic forces while smaller buildings with lighter roofs respond better to earthquake forces.

Luckily, the overall weight of a building and its contents can be calculated fairly accurately and can be accounted for in engineering design –these loads are called static loads. Wind and earthquake forces can change suddenly and unpredictably –these are called dynamic loads. The engineer must design a structure to withstand dynamic loads that may be highly variable over a very short period of time, a much more difficult task than designing for static loads alone. In Vancouver, the general awareness of earthquake danger is only a few decades old, many older buildings and roofs were not designed to stand up against the dynamic loads caused by earthquakes.

Is it Possible to Build A completely Earthquake Proof Roof?

There are, of course, roofing techniques that can be used to create a very sound roof that will endure a small or even strong quake. However, no building or roof is completely earthquake proof. During a severe earthquake, even the best-engineered building may suffer severe damage.
Most modern buildings are designed to support a vertical and dynamic load in order to support the walls and roof to keep them standing. One way to make a building more resistant to these lateral forces is to tie the walls, floor, roof, and foundations into a rigid box that holds together when shaken by a quake.

So What’s The Solution?

Because earthquakes are a function of mass shifting, all other structural elements being equal. The lighter the roof the lower the center of mass and, therefore, less likely it is to collapse or crumble. This means that roofs made out of wood tiles or asphalt are better than, say, brick, tile, or a heavy metal roof.
Lighter walls also have the advantage of exerting less force onto a building’s support system. But another good reason is that lighter wall construction tends to be more physically flexible. Which allows for more movement at the joints and throughout the structural members when an earthquake hits.

Many Vancouver builders use reinforced concrete. Where the steel reinforcement provides the tension-resistant qualities of the building. Which is able to absorb the shaking from an earthquake. A good analogy is an old car made in the 50s can better withstand an impact with minimum damage. However is more likely injure the occupants as the shift in mass travels through the car to the person. Modern cars crumble easier in an accident, absorbing the shock so the person doesn’t have to. This is much like a modern-day roof.
If you’re worried about your roof withstanding an earthquake, call Cambie Roofing. Our expert roofers can quickly diagnose any problems with your roofing system. And perform maintenance to save you the trouble of dealing with an earthquake or any other possible calamity. Possibly preventing you from having to replace the entire roof all together.

Flat Roof Construction Tips, showing a flat roof, Best Roofing Systems for Flat Roofs

Flat Roof Construction Tips

Update: August 5th 2019
Article Originally Published April 17, 2017

Flat Roof Construction Tips

Before you begin any roof construction project, there are a few factors to consider. This is especially true for commercial flat roofs. Flat roofs are susceptible to very specific kinds of wear and tear that need to be addressed. There are a wide variety of flat roof options on the market, all with different costs and benefits. Whether you are building a new commercial property or replacing an existing flat roof on your building, it is important to consider all of these factors before beginning construction. Here are some important tips to help you through the flat roof construction process.

Factors To Consider Before Selecting Your Roofing

Repair or Replace?:

Replacing an entire roofing system can be costly. If the majority of your roof is still in good condition, you may be able to save some money by having a professional repair the damage. You may also consider having your roof reconditioned. Depending on the extent of repair work necessary, however, it may be more cost effective to replace the roof. A trained professional will be able to help you weigh your options and make the best decision for you.

Roof Deck Integrity:

If you decide to replace your flat roof, you will need to have the structural integrity of your roof decking inspected first. If the structural integrity of the roof deck is damaged it will not hold up the roof. It’s advised to have your roof deck inspected by a professional before beginning any roof replacement.

Drainage:

Flat roofs have different challenges than low and high slope roofs. Flat roofs require a lot of thought about where rain, snow, and other precipitation will drain since they have no natural drainage system. As with any roofing system, if installed incorrectly flat roofs will leak. You need to make sure that the system you choose has both proper drainage and waterproofing materials like spray foam (SPF) or restoration coatings.

Load Weight:

If you plan on having a heavy load on your roof, such as a lounging area for employees, or heating and air conditioning units, you will need to select materials that will strengthen your roof and protect your structure from weight damage. SPF is one material to consider as it can withstand a great deal of weight.

Temperature:

Your roof needs to be designed to withstand the climate. If you live in an area with hot direct sun, you need a roof that can withstand heat and block against ultraviolet and ozone damage. If you live somewhere that gets very cold, you need a roofing material that has the ability to expand and contract with the temperature change.

Wind Uplift:

Another crucial environmental factor to consider is wind. Wind can be very damaging to any roof system so you need to be sure to choose a roofing material with wind resistance that meets the needs of your local area. A professional roofing company will be able to assess the average wind speeds in your area and help you choose a material that will withstand those speeds.

R-Value:

R-value is not a structure related concern, but it is an important consideration. The R-value is the reflective value of your roofing. Choosing a roofing material with a high R-value can save you a lot of money on energy bills, which is especially important on a larger commercial property. A low R-value material will allow heat to escape in the winter and to penetrate your building in the summer, resulting in higher energy bills to heat and cool your building. A higher R-value roof will require a bit more of an initial investment, but it will pay off in energy savings over time.

Selecting Your Roofing

You may want a particular roofing product for its appearance, such as a tile or shingle roof, however, this type of material should not be place on a flat roof as it will lead to building damage down the road. The following are some common flat roof options:

Built-Up Roofing (BUR):

Also called “tar and gravel roofing,” BUR roofing uses layers of roofing felts or ply sheets that are coated in asphalt or coal tar and topped with pea-size gravel. BUR roofs are the most common roofing style and very cost-effective. They do require some routine maintenance.

Modified Bitumen:

Modified Bitumen, also known as “torch-on” roofing, is very similar to BUR. Moreover, Modified Bitumen contains an additional polymer binder called Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), which improves the durability and extends the lifespan of your roof.

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM):

EPDM is a type of single-ply membrane roofing that uses a strong flexible polymer. It is resistant to the elements and is a great option for a roof in a harsh climate.

Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO):

TPO is another single-ply membrane that provides similar benefits to EPDM but does not offer as long of a lifespan.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):

PVC is a single-ply membrane that provides similar benefits to EPDM and comes in a wide variety of colours and styles to match your architecture.

Each of these options varies in terms of costs and benefits, so it is important that you weigh them against the factors impacting your particular roof before making a final decision. The most important construction tip for a flat roof system is to consult an experienced professional in your local area.
Since 1952, Cambie Roofing has been constructing flat roof systems in the Vancouver area. We understand all the factors that can impact your construction and can help you identify which roofing system is best for your building. Call us today at 604.261.1111 or contact us on our website and let’s talk about how we can help your flat roof repair or replacement go smoothly.